When planning a high-rise building the optimal solution is always sought , which should be checked with regard to usefulness and cost-effectiveness taking the following conditions into account:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Compliance with the regulations for erecting electrical systems (IEC 60364 and IEC 61936 resp. VDE 0100 and VDE 0101), stipulated guidelines and regulations (e.g. safety of persons in the German accident prevention rule DGUV 3), as well as project-related regulations for special systems.<\/li>\n
- Clarity of the network topology<\/li>\n
- Cost-effectiveness through the medium voltage distribution through to the load centres and optimized rating of the planned equipment according to operating current and fault current carrying capacity<\/li>\n
- Supply and operational safety through redundancy, selectivity, short-circuit strength, overvoltage protection, fault current carrying capacity and a high degree of availability of the equipment<\/li>\n
- Supply quality, system perturbations and electromagnetic computability<\/li>\n
- Minimization of the adverse environmental effects during creation and operation<\/li>\n
- Flexibility to power changes through simple adaptation options<\/li>\n
- Ease of maintenance through the use of uniform components<\/li>\n
- Optimization with regard to voltage drop and transmission capability<\/li>\n
- Ambient conditions such as installation altitude, humidity, ambient temperature, required fire protection and spatial boundary conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In accordance with these points, the following dimensioning criteria must be taken into account when planning the power supply:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Determination of the network load (connection value)<\/li>\n
- Simultaneity factors<\/li>\n
- Utilization factors<\/li>\n
- Specific area load for estimated power factor<\/li>\n
- Power system configuration taking into account\n
- \n
- Structure of the supply area and purpose<\/li>\n
- Number, size and position of the load centres<\/li>\n
- Transformer arrangement options and the associated low-voltage main distribution system (transmission losses, voltage drop)<\/li>\n
- Routing<\/li>\n
- Low-voltage (mostly distributed) or medium-voltage (mostly central) emergency power supply<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Rating and selection of\n
- \n
- Electrical equipment<\/li>\n
- Switchgear<\/li>\n
- Distribution transformers<\/li>\n
- Conductor cross sections (for cable and busbar trunking systems)<\/li>\n
- System protection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
3.2 Preliminary Planning of the Energy Management System<\/h2>\n
An energy management system (EnMS) is used for the systematic acquisition of the energy flows and facilitates investment decisions to improve the use of energy. Appropriate planning of the measuring and evaluation equipment creates the prerequisites for this. Proof of the continual improvement of the output-related energy utilization can also be provided and the legal requirements taken into account. Important goals of the improvement measures can be:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Cost reduction<\/li>\n
- Sustainable management<\/li>\n
- Environmental protection<\/li>\n
- Time and resource optimization<\/li>\n
- Improvement of image and social acceptance<\/li>\n
- Legislative and tax relief<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
To achieve these goals, the holistic approach of the EnMS from the planning, through the construction, use and renovation to the dismantling must be taken into account.<\/p>\n
In accordance with the schematic diagram in Figure 1, appropriate measurements should be incorporated in the preliminary planning. According to the white paper \u201cApplications for Power Distribution – Energy Transparency\u201d\u00a0 (Siemens AG, 2017<\/a>), the measurements and displays described in form the basis for an energy management system.<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG1.jpg\")
<\/a>Figure 1.<\/strong> [Chapter 2 Fig 2\/2] Recommended measurements for managing a high-rise building<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Load management and energy schedule<\/h2>\n
The power and energy demand is greatly influenced by the varied applications in the high-rise building and the numerous variables. The prerequisites for a load management and the creation of energy schedules based on this should be established during the planning. The load management can be used to limit the maximum power consumption to a settable value, in order to maintain the agreements made with a distribution system operator.<\/p>\n
Consumers that can be specifically switched on and off should already be identified during the initial planning phases. In addition, the networking of the energy distribution, automation and IT should be planned for the load management so that the operational processes in the various parts of the high-rise building can be clearly displayed. Otherwise, the planned maximum power demand must be selected much too high, especially with mixed usage.<\/p>\n
As the electricity price is made up of a kilowatt-hour rate and a demand charge, load and forecast management should be taken into account when planning the associate measuring and evaluation equipment so that a demand-optimized energy schedule can always be created. In the future, supply contracts and mandatory compliance with schedules will play an increasingly important role in the cost optimization. When completing such contracts, the customers will have to specify their electricity demands in quarter of an hour intervals for one week in advance. Based on these values, the electricity trader purchases the electricity and demands an agreed price. If the actual demand is less than the forecast demand, this will not be credited. The agreed price will therefore be paid for a greater amount of electricity than that actually used. If more electricity is required than forecast, this results in additional costs which are based on the price for ancillary services at the time of demand.<\/p>\n
If the supply contract contains a schedule clause, a forecast management should monitor the schedule. If the demand is greater than forecast, consumers are switched off and with demand lower than forecast, consumers are switched on. Consumers must be defined that can be specifically switched on and off for this purpose.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Table](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB1.jpg\")
<\/a>Table 1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
![\"Table](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB2.jpg\")
<\/a>Table 2.<\/strong> Preliminary planning of measurements and Displays<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
3.3 Boundary Data for the Design Example<\/h2>\n
It is not possible to define a standard high-rise building. Ambient\/environmental conditions, official regulations, building use, operator wishes and specifications for equipment, schedule and costs require building-specific planning. For this reason, the following specifications have been selected as an example for a super tall skyscraper.<\/p>\n
The super tall skyscraper is to be planned for mixed use and with a total of 80 floors. It is to have 75 floors above ground level and five below. With a floor height of four or five metres, this will result in an overall height of over 300 metres above ground level. The building narrows towards the top for architectural reasons, user-friendly room and window areas as well as to reduce the wind load and turbulence at great heights (Fig. 3\/1).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-1.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 3\/1:<\/strong> Plan view for the spatial arrangement of the various usage levels<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
The vertical distribution of the building use with the associated areas is specified in Tab. 3\/2. This distribution is shown schematically in Fig. 3\/2, whereby the various types of lifts required for a high-rise building are displayed in colour. Instead of considering each single floor, which would be necessary to assign the technical equipment and lifts or escalators in detail, the technical equipment areas and the walls refer to the floor area. 10 % are subtracted from the floor area for staircases, walls and corridors and 10 % for technical equipment areas and lifts for the effective area on each floor.<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-2.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/2:<\/strong> Vertical allocation of the high-rise building models<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
3.4 Determination of the Power Demand<\/h2>\n
The planner is already expected to provide advice on the total power demand during the Phase 1 for planning the power supply of a building, where basic data is established. An estimate based on the effective area under consideration of the workmanship is sufficient. The planner\u2019s design experience and information on the customer\u2019s ideas with regard to the workmanship are required to obtain realistic data. These can then be used immediately as boundary conditions for an initial cost estimate.<\/p>\n
In the Phase 2 of the preliminary planning, a planning concept should be created with rough\u00a0 dimensioning of the important systems. Different variants should be considered with regard to cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility and sustainability.<\/p>\n
3.4.1 Estimate of Power Demand<\/h2>\n
Characterisation according to room structure, comfort and air conditioning can be used for a rough estimate of the power demand. At the same time, further factors play an important role in the estimate such as the expense of the technical installations and the integration in a building management system. Whereby, it is not always the case that a sophisticated technical solution is combined with a high-quality building management system.<\/p>\n
The experience that we have gathered in numerous projects forms the basis for the initial, simplified calculation. A value of approx. 60 to 150 W\/m\u00b2 in relation to the effective area of the building is used to estimate the power demand (power to be supplied) of a high-rise building. Because of the wide range, it must be estimated for the planning of the building whether the figure will be closer to 60 W\/m\u00b2 or 150 W\/m\u00b2. For this purpose, we provide an estimation procedure with various calibration factors in the following as a simple help. A similar procedure is also used in EN 15232. Efficiency factors are used in this procedure that quantify the classification of the technical building characteristics and the use of systems for the building automation (BA) and the technical building management (TBM).<\/p>\n
These factors (Tab. 3\/3) are calibrated later for our estimation procedure on a value range between 0 and 1 and for a characterisation of BA\/TBM and the technical building characteristics. Numerous addition factors influence the power demand and we want to use some for our simple calculation model. We will restrict ourselves to six characterization features that are applied equally:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Building placement<\/li>\n
- Room structure<\/li>\n
- Level of comfort<\/li>\n
- Air conditioning option<\/li>\n
- Technical characteristics<\/li>\n
- BA\/TBM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Of course, you can also use your own factors as additional boundary conditions. The planner and the client should always agree on these factors to ensure the traceability of the calculation. Six calibration factors corresponding to the six characterisation features identify the power demand of the building in the model.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Calibration factor kplc<\/sub> for the building placement<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor kstruct<\/sub> for the room structure<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor kcomf<\/sub> for the level of comfort<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor kclim<\/sub> for the air conditioning options<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor ktech<\/sub> for the technical characteristics<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor kBA\/TBM<\/sub> for the BA\/TBM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
As we do not want to apply any further weighting to the factors, the mean value of the calibration factors can be defined as the total value:<\/p>\n
To determine the specific power demand, we will start with the lowest expected value (here: 60 W\/m\u00b2) and determine a factor ktot from our estimations of the six subfactors. This factor is used to weight the difference (90 W\/m\u00b2) to the upper expected factor 150 W\/m\u00b2 and added to the basic value of 60 W\/m\u00b2. First of all a characterisation of the individual calibration factors and the specification of the values are required for the estimation (Fig. 3\/3).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-3.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/3:<\/strong> Efficiency factors (electric) for the building automation according to EN 15232 for different non-residential buildings.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-3.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 3\/3:<\/strong> Influence of the calibration factors on the specific power<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
Placement of the building \u2013 calibration factor kplc<\/sub><\/h3>\n
The location of the building has a fundamental influence on the planning of the power supply. The following questions can also be used to obtain an estimation:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Do special conditions with regard to adjacent buildings have to be considered?<\/li>\n
- Which traffic routes and connections can be used?<\/li>\n
- What type of power supply is possible? And to what degree?<\/li>\n
- Are there legal boundary conditions that have to be taken into consideration?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
As the super tall skyscraper in the example is to be considered with special local conditions, the placement factor kplc<\/sub> = 0.5 is set.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
Room structure \u2013 calibration factor kstruct<\/sub><\/h3>\n
Smaller rooms are easier to ventilate and the lighting is distributed better in the room through reflection on the walls and ceiling. This calibration factor can also take the intended room height into account. Our estimations that are displayed in Fig. 3\/4 as a curve also take into account that small rooms and areas frequently have direct ventilation and not air conditioning. Larger rooms and halls generally have a larger calibration factor kstruct<\/sub>. At this point, we would again like to emphasise that the experience and project knowledge of the planner and the agreement with the client are decisive when determining the factors. You can also talk about your specific projects with the Siemens promoters for TIP.<\/p>\n
The use of a large number of floors for small hotel rooms and offices results in a favourable factor kstruct<\/sub> of 0.3 in relation to the floor area for the model of the super tall skyscraper.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-4.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 3\/4:<\/strong> Schematic dependency of the estimation of the power demand of the building structure using the simple factor kstruct \u2013 the bars with the effective floor areas serve as reference values for the high-rise building.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
Comfort and safety equipment \u2013 calibration factor kcomf<\/sub><\/h3>\n
It is difficult to make general statements about comfort as it is largely dependent on how the building is used. Whereas good lighting, an audio system and a monitoring system are considered as standard in a shopping centre, these characteristics may be considered as comfort features in office areas. On the other hand, blinds play no role in shop windows, but are important in hotels and offices. High-speed lifts for large loads require more power, as well as special stagecraft technology and technically sophisticated, medical diagnostic equipment. Control and monitoring systems make buildings safe and user-friendly. We will therefore select a factor kcomf <\/sub>= 0.5 for our model.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n
Air conditioning \u2013 calibration factor kclim<\/sub><\/h3>\n
With regard to the air conditioning of a building, natural ventilation, the efficiency of the cooling equipment and the possibilities of reducing the solar radiation without impairing the light conditions in the rooms must be taken into account. In Germany, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) have considered the building-specific power demands of the air ventilation and cooling in guideline VDI 3807-4.<\/p>\n
We have displayed the calibration factors in a curve for the data described therein for the specific power installed in offices, hotel rooms, kitchens, computer centres, theatres, department stores, multi-storey car parks, etc. for the various demand classes from \u201cvery high\u201d to \u201cvery low\u201d. Computer rooms that are better planned without windows, generally require more expensive air conditioning \u2013 constant temperature and humidity \u2013 although there is little effect from solar radiation. It should also be noted that the air conditioning depends on the room structure and the comfort requirements. For the example of a super tall skyscraper with mixed use, we assume a factor of kclim<\/sub> = 0.4 because this takes into account the good use of natural cooling options and also the increased expense for the air conditioning of the computer centre (Fig. 3\/5). The superimposition of lots of individual curves has shown that only types of use with a high demand for cooling, such as\u00a0 computer centres and kitchens, display a slightly different curve shape.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-5.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 3\/5:<\/strong> Schematic dependency of the estimation of the power demand of the building air conditioning using the simple factor kclim.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
Technical characteristics \u2013 calibration factor ktech<\/sub><\/h3>\n
Even when the functionality of the technical building equipment has been defined, the difference in the technical versions is significant. High-speed lifts required higher starting currents than slower lifts, fans with EC motors (electronically controlled) save power and modern light fittings reduce the power demand, and the efficiency of many electrical consumers differ greatly from version to version. A general classification for the energy efficiency according to standard EN 15232 is listed in Tab. 3\/4.<\/p>\n
The efficiency factors of EN 15232 from Tab. 3\/3 are transformed in Tab. 3\/5 to the desired calibration area between 0 and 1.<\/p>\n
A distinction is not made for other types (such as sport facilities, warehouses, industrial facilities, etc.) so that factor of 0.5 is selected for all classes.<\/p>\n
For the high-rise building model, we assume large technical expenses averaged over the areas of the building, corresponding to class B and therefore high efficiency, so that we select ktech<\/sub> = 0.3.<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-4.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/4:<\/strong> Classification of the technical characteristics of a building with regard to energy efficiency according to EN 15232.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-5.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/5:<\/strong> Calibration factors for the technical equipment of buildings and BA\/TBM corresponding to the efficiency factors (electric) according to EN 15232 for different nonresidential building types.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-6-998x1024.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/6:<\/strong> Efficiency classification for executing the function of building automation and technical\u00a0 building management systems according to EN 15232.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
Building management \u2013 calibration factor kBA\/TBM<\/sub><\/h3>\n
In the same way as for the technical characteristics, standard EN 15232 (Tab. 3\/6) can be used for the building management.<\/p>\n
However, note that energy efficiency class D from EN 15232 plays no role for the planning of BA\/TBM systems of new buildings. The advantage of our procedure with scaled calibration factors is displayed here. Characterisation features can be adapted to the latest technology through the scaling and the classification always defined through the own current experience.<\/p>\n
We will therefore omit class D and select a new class A+, which in addition to the properties of class A, is characterized by remote monitoring, remote diagnostics and remote control as well as analysis tools for BA\/TBM, as part of Smart Grid. For the four new classes C, B, A and A+, we will then take over the appropriate calibration factors according to Tab. 3\/5. Averaged across the various types of use in the building, we will select a high efficiency together with large expense for control, management and automation through a further-developed BA system. The factor kBA\/TBM<\/sub> = 0.3 will the be assumed for our high-rise building model.<\/p>\n
This results in<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_formula-1024x147.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
and therefore a specific power demand of<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
P<\/em>spec = 60 W\/m\u00b2 + (90 W\/m\u00b2 \u22c5 0.383) = 94.5 W\/m\u00b2.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A total area of 390,000 m\u00b2 is calculated from Tab. 3\/2. The total area of the building is multiplied by a factor of 0.8 for an approximation of the effective area.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Effective area = 390,000 m\u00b2 \u22c5 0.8 = 312,000 m\u00b2<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The product from effective area and specific power demand results in an estimated power demand of 29.5 MW for the entire building.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
3.4.2 Estimated Determination of the Power Demand<\/h2>\n
Through the precise consideration of the type of building use, the building equipment and the associated network topology, the power demand can be estimated as described in the Siemens TIP planning manuals.<\/p>\n
With the distribution of the use and areas from Tab. 3\/2 and Tab. 3\/7 this results in the following for the individual floor areas:<\/p>\n
\u2013 Basements \u20135 to \u20132:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Effective area = 0.8 \u22c5 floor area = 18,000 m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Average power demand (multi-storey car park) = 8 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Power demand for each floor = 144 kW<\/p>\n
\u2013Basement 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Area distribution: 6,000 m\u00b2 computer centre \/ 16,500 m\u00b2 technical equipment area
\nEffective computer centre area = 0.8 \u22c5 6,000 m\u00b2 = 4,800 m\u00b2
\nEffective technical equipment area = 0.9 \u22c5 16,500 m\u00b2 = 14,850 m\u00b2
\nAverage power demand (computer centre) = 1,500 W\/m\u00b2
\nPower demand share for computer centre = 7,200 kW<\/p>\n\u2013 Ground floor<\/strong><\/p>\n
Effective area = 0.8 \u22c5 floor area = 8,320 m\u00b2
\nAverage power demand (shopping centre \/ bank) = 50 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\n(additional larger room height)
\nPower demand for ground floor = 416 kW<\/p>\n\u2013 Upper floor 1, 2, 3, 4:<\/strong>
\nEffective area = 0.8 \u22c5 floor area = 8,320 m\u00b2<\/p>\nAverage power demand
\n(shopping centre) = 40 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\nPower demand for each floor = approx. 333 kW<\/p>\n
\u2013 Upper floor 5:<\/strong>
\nArea distribution: 6,000 m\u00b2 event centre \/ 4,400 m\u00b2 medical centre<\/p>\nEffective event centre area = 0.8 \u22c5 6,000 m\u00b2 = 4,800 m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Effective medical centre area = 0.8 \u22c5 4,400 m2 = 3,520 m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Average power demand
\n(event centre) = 40 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\nAverage power demand
\n(medical centre) = 100 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\nPower demand share for event centre = 192 kW<\/p>\n
Power demand share for medical centre = 352 kW<\/p>\n
\u2013 Upper floors 6 to 56:<\/strong>
\nEffective area = 0.8 \u22c5 floor area = 2,880 m\u00b2<\/p>\nAverage power demand (offices) = 50 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Power demand for each floor = 144 kW<\/p>\n
\u2013 Upper floors 57 to 71:<\/strong>
\nEffective area = 0.8 \u22c5 floor area = 1,440 m\u00b2<\/p>\nAverage power demand (hotel) = 50 W\/m\u00b2<\/p>\n
Power demand for each floor = 70 kW<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Refrigeration\/ventilation<\/h3>\n
An average power demand of 50 W\/m\u00b2 can be assumed for cooling and ventilation of the effective area above ground. The air conditioning requirement for the computer centre has already been included in the average power demand, as this is a major criterion for the energy efficiency of a computer centre.<\/p>\n
For the effective area above ground of 217,800 m\u00b2, the power demand for ventilation and refrigeration\u00a0 is 10.89 MW.<\/p>\n
Distribution of the power demand of the computer centre<\/h3>\n
For a computer centre with an efficient infrastructure, 75 %\u00a0 of the required electricity is used for the supply of the ICT equipment (ICT = information and communication technology; i.e. servers, routers, switches, data storage, etc.) and 25 % for the supply of the infrastructure (air conditioning units, ventilation, uninterruptible power supply, lighting, monitoring, etc.). The PUE factor (PUE = Power Usage Efficiency) known in the IT sector mirrors the relationship between the total power demand and the power demand for the ICT equipment (here 5,400 kW). With the assumptions made earlier, this results in a PUE value of 1.33. This results in a power demand of 1,800 kW for the cooling and ventilation of the server rooms in the computer centre.<\/p>\n
Technical equipment areas<\/h3>\n
An average power demand of 10 W\/m2<\/sup> is assumed uniformly for the technical equipment rooms on the individual floors, which is multiplied by the total technical equipment area and used to determine the power demand. A lower ventilation and air conditioning power demand is taken into account for these areas.<\/p>\n
The technical equipment areas for each floor from Tab. 3\/8 add up to 56,400 m\u00b2 for the whole building resulting in:<\/p>\n
Power demand for the technical equipment areas of the building<\/p>\n
= 56,400 m\u00b2 \u2022 10 W\/m\u00b2
\n= approx. 560 kW<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
From the sum of the total power demand for the effective areas from Tab. 3\/8 for the technical equipment areas and for the air conditioning of the building areas above ground, this results in a total power demand of approx. 29.9 MW.<\/p>\n
3.4.3 Distribution According to Supply Types<\/strong><\/h2>\n
The required transformer output and the shares of the safety power supply and the UPS are now determined for the values for the total power demand found in section 3.4.1 and 3.4.2.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-7.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/7:<\/strong> Average power demand of buildings according to their type of use.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
The application-specific outputs are multiplied by the simultaneity factors from the data from Tab. 3\/7 and added up for the total required power.<\/p>\n
Total power demand =<\/p>\n
= (4 \u22c5 144 kW) \u22c5 0.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (multi-storey car park)<\/p>\n
+ 416 kW \u22c5 0.6 \u00a0 (bank \/ shopping centre)<\/p>\n
+ 4 \u22c5 333 kW \u22c5 0.8 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (department store)<\/p>\n
+ 192 kW \u22c5 0.8 \u00a0 (event centre)<\/p>\n
+ 352 kW \u22c5 0.6 \u00a0 (medical centre)<\/p>\n
+ 7,200 kW \u22c5 1.0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (computer centre)<\/p>\n
+ 51 \u22c5 144 kW \u22c5 0.6 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (offices)<\/p>\n
+ 15 \u22c5 70 kW \u22c5 0.6 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (hotel)<\/p>\n
+ 560 kW \u22c5 0.3 \u00a0 (technical equipment)<\/p>\n
+ 10.89 MW \u22c5 0.7 = \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (refrigeration, ventilation)<\/p>\n
= 22.05 MW<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
If cos \u03c6 is specified as 0.9 and the transformer degree of utilization as 80%, a total transformer output = 22.05 MW \/ (0.9 \u22c5 0.8) = 30.6 MVA is required.<\/p>\n
The dimensioning of the safety power supply (SPS) depends mainly on the building utilization and on average is approx. 20 to 30 % of the power required for the normal power supply (NPS). However, this value must be determined project specifically and is only an estimation of the connected applications here: In this example, the computer centre in the high-rise building requires a large share of the SPS for the UPS systems. The following must be taken into account for the SPS:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
- \n
- Emergency lighting (approx. 3 to 10 % of the illuminance of the normal lighting, depending on the safety classification of the valid safety regulations; the following is required in the workplace regulation in Germany: E = 0.1 \u22c5 En [En = rated illuminance]; however at least 15 lux)<\/li>\n
- Supply of the fire control centre \/ smoke vents \/ sprinkler system \/ smoke extraction system<\/li>\n
- Evacuation lifts, lifts for the fire brigade<\/li>\n
- Maintenance or controlled shutdown of processes (this is usually an extra requirement from the user in order to reduce downtimes; there are no general statutory regulations for interruptions in the work process)<\/li>\n
- Control and protection systems that must be maintained in an emergency<\/li>\n
- Supply of life-supporting systems (e.g. in a clinic: generally an additional power supply, APS, is required here that can ensure an uninterruptible power supply in accordance with IEC 60364-7-710 (VDE 0100-710) through battery backup)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-8.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/8:<\/strong> Areas and power demands in relation to the type of use.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
UPS systems are generally used to maintain operation in a computer centre and the ICT equipment of various applications. They take over the power supply of critical consumers with switching interruptions and start-up mode. Air conditioning and ventilation equipment may belong to the critical consumers in the computer centre if heat problems occur in the server racks when these components fail for just a few seconds.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Taking into account power redundancy, cos \u03c6 = 0.9 and a reserve power of 20 %, various UPS systems with different outputs and different UPS types can be considered for the ICT equipment in the computer centre:<\/li>\n
- Static UPS comprising: Rectifier\/inverter unit and battery or flywheel energy storage to bridge a power failure \u2013 for long-term supply when the NPS fails, the UPS systems are supplied via generators of the SPS.<\/li>\n
- Rotating UPS comprising: Motor\/generator set and flywheel energy storage or rectifier\/inverter unit with battery to bridge a power failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Without taking a redundancy concept into account, UPS systems with a total rated output of 7,500 kVA must be installed for the computer centre, and an additional UPS output of approx. 250 kVA for the control centre, safety systems and lighting.<\/p>\n
Suitable rooms should also be provided for further UPS systems in all other areas of the high-rise building. Depending on the application sizes and the technical characteristics, the percentage of the UPS in relation to the NPS can differ greatly. The specifications can only serve as a guide:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
- \n
- For the payment, access, guidance and safety systems in the car park (5 to 10 % UPS)<\/li>\n
- For the payment, communication and safety systems in the shops (2 to 5 %)<\/li>\n
- For the counter, communication and safety systems in the bank (3 to 10 %)<\/li>\n
- For the ticket, media, guidance and safety systems in the event centre (2 to 10 %)<\/li>\n
- For the office, communication, safety, diagnostic and treatment systems in the medical centre (2 to 20 %)<\/li>\n
- For the data processing, communication and safety systems in the offices (2 to 10 %)<\/li>\n
- For the hotel administration, communication, access and safety systems in the hotel (2 to 5 %)<\/li>\n
- From the previously determined values for the power demand, this results in a UPS demand of approx. 250 kVA, which can be covered by smaller, distributed UPS systems, that can be supplied via the NPS and SPS of the floor distribution systems. The power distribution for our example is shown in Tab. 3\/9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Tab.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_TB3-9.jpg\")
<\/a>Tab. 3\/9:<\/strong> Power distribution in the high-rise building.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
3.5 Use of Photovoltaic Systems<\/h2>\n
Particularly on the upper floors, the fa\u00e7ade of a high-rise building provides a suitable surface for the energy use of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The photovoltaic modules can also be used to protect the fa\u00e7ade, for soundproofing, thermal insulation and can be incorporated in the fa\u00e7ade design. The additional benefits can be evaluated in monetary terms and set against the costs of the photovoltaic system.<\/p>\n
In addition to the geographic location of the building, the alignment of the fa\u00e7ade and the angle of inclination to the horizontal influence the amount of energy produced by the photovoltaic system. Compared to an optimal angle of inclination for Central Europe of 35 \u00b0 to the horizontal, a vertical arrangement of the photovoltaic modules reduces the annual amount of energy produced with a southerly alignment by approx. 25 to 35 %. However, a vertical arrangement has advantages with regard to the soiling of the module surfaces.<\/p>\n
The photovoltaic system has no effect when determining the power as a maximum power demand without photovoltaic supply must be assumed. In standard IEC 60364-7-712 (VDE 0100-712) for setting up low-voltage systems, \u201cPart 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations \u2013 Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems\u201d, it is explicitly stated that when selecting and setting up facilities for disconnection and switching, the public power supply must be considered as power source and the PV system as load.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-6.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 3\/6:<\/strong> Single-line diagram for a central PV concept.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
- Calibration factor kstruct<\/sub> for the room structure<\/li>\n
- Calibration factor kplc<\/sub> for the building placement<\/li>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/iaeimagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/2021_09_Siemens_FIG3-7.jpg\")
<\/a>